Money in 2022: tax allowances and other changes you need to be aware of
With a new year brings changes to the tax system, and other areas affecting our personal finances.
With inflation soaring, interest rates rising and the cost of living reaching extraordinary levels, it pays to keep an eye on all the big changes that might affect your wallet in 2022, but that you can plan and prepare for.
Here are changes you need to know about.
Income tax threshold freeze
The Government is set to freeze the income tax rate bands at their current levels.
As a result of this, more than 1.3 million people could be pulled into a higher tax band according to a study from the Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS).
At the moment just 8.5% of workers’ pay the higher rate, but this could increase to 11% by tax year 2024-25 according to the IFS.
The personal allowance is currently £12,570, with anything between this and £50,270 taxed at the basic rate of 20%. The higher rate of income tax on anything above this is charged at 40%, up to £150,000. Finally, the additional rate is charged at 45% over £150,000.
So what does freezing these bands mean?
With inflation soaring it is likely you’ll be looking to earn more income to be able to keep up with the cost of living. But any pay rise you get could tip you into a higher band.
Plus, with any hikes to the bands now cancelled, you’ll miss out on the extra tax free cash from the personal allowance.
Other allowances are also frozen – the pensions lifetime allowance will stay at £1,073,100, the ISA allowance will stay at £20,000 and the inheritance tax threshold and nil-rate band will stay at £325,000 and £175,000 respectively.
National Insurance hike
Not content with holding back allowance rises, the Government has also decided to hike National Insurance (NI).
The new so-called Health and Social Care levy will raise an extra 1.25% in NI payments from anyone earning a salary, employers on their NI contributions, and on self-employed NI payments.
This means someone on a wage of £20,000 a year will pay an extra £130 in tax per annum. Someone on £50,000 a year will pay £505 more.
There is more too – the hike also affects dividends, meaning anyone taking an income from dividend payments will also see their tax bill increase by 1.25%.
Above an income of £2,000 the rate will be 8.75% for income within the basic rate band, 33.75% on the higher rate and 39.35% on the additional rate.
Energy prices
Already a big issue for many household budgets, energy prices have skyrocketed in recent months.
This led to a big hike in the price cap for energy bills, and this is likely to increase again, by up to £700 according to some estimates.
The current price cap is currently £1,277. While most analysts expect a rise of around £400, some think it could go as high as £2,000 depending on the state of the market by February.
The soaring prices have led to a swathe of energy firms going bust. If you’ve been affected by this, hold tight and wait for Ofgem to tell you which firm is taking over your supply, before attempting to change provider.
Unfortunately though, higher prices mean there is little price competition at the moment. If you want to save on energy bills, the best thing you can do right now is reduce your consumption, or make your property more energy efficient.
Loyalty penalty
New rules came into force for motor and home insurance customers on 1 January which mean anyone renewing their policy will not have to pay more than would be offered to a new customer.
These rules are designed to prevent the so-called ‘loyalty penalty’ – where a customer stays with the same insurer for years and sees their premium increase every time it comes to renew.
While those with policies to renew won’t see their prices increase, what is now likely is new policy prices will rise, and insurers could then offer higher prices to existing customers.
ISAs and pensions
Fortunately, this is one area where the Government has decided not to tinker with – for the moment at least.
Normal ISAs remained with a £20,000 annual allowance, while tax relief on pensions is still available with basic rate and higher rate relief.
This makes the two products still a great place to work to build wealth, and a great area to focus on for the year ahead.
If you would like to discuss any of the themes mentioned in this article, don’t hesitate to get in touch with your financial adviser.
Life expectancy reversal: State Pension age could be rising too fast
The State Pension age could be rising too quickly as life expectancy rates grind to a halt.
Analysis from pensions consultancy LCP suggests that life expectancy has stopped increasing. The rise in State Pension age, first from 65 to 67 and later to 68, may not be needed as a result.
The increase in State Pension age, cost aside, was predicated on rising life expectancies in the UK. But LCP’s analysis suggests life expectancy is now in fact decreasing, making the rise in age for State Pension unnecessary.
The Government had decided to increase the State Pension age on the basis that no one should spend more than a third of their life earning a retirement income from the State. It decided the State Pension age should rise to 68 by 2039.
The Government based its review of the State Pension age on average UK life expectancy. For example, as part of its analysis the Government predicted a woman aged 66 in 2014 could expect to live to age 89. But estimates from LCP suggest that women can now only expect to live to 87.
As a result, the increase in the State Pension age from 66 to 67, which is currently scheduled between 2026 and 2028 could be pushed back by 23 years – to 2049-51. Those born between 1961 and 1984 would enjoy much earlier receipt of their State Pension.
But the sheer cost of reversing the age rise could be too much for the Government to bear. Before the secondary impacts of taxation, reversing the State Pension age increases could cost the Treasury some £195 billion, with more than 20 million people potentially affected by the changes.
Commenting, Steve Webb, partner at LCP said: “The Government’s plans for rapid increases in state pension age have been blown out of the water by this new analysis.
“Even before the pandemic hit, the improvements in life expectancy which we had seen over the last century had almost ground to a halt.
“But the schedule for state pension age increases has not caught up with this new world. This analysis shows that current plans to increase the state pension age to 67 by 2028 need to be revisited as a matter of urgency.
“Pension ages for men and women reached 66 only last year, and there is now no case for yet another increase so soon.”
If you’d like to know more about what a change to the State Pension age could mean for you, then get in touch with your financial adviser.
Women must save £185,000 more during their careers to match men’s retirement income
Women have to save up to £185,000 more than men during their careers to match what men will earn in retirement, according to research from Scottish Widows.
The £185,000 figure can be broken down into £100,000 extra to bridge the savings gap, £50,000 to cover women’s’ longer life expectancy and £35,000 to pay for the extra care needs that this entails.
Scottish Widows has published its annual Women and Retirement report since 2006, looking at the differences between the sexes when it comes to retirement outcomes. In its latest report it has found women in their 20s today will save around £250,000 on average by the time they retire, while men will typically save £350,000.
Life expectancy for men and women also differs. A man aged 25 today is expected to live to age 86 on average, while a woman can expect to live to 89. It would take a £400,000 pot for the woman to match retirement incomes thanks to this longer life expectancy.
What is causing the discrepancy?
Looking at why there is a gender gap when it comes to retirement outcomes is not down to one simple thing.
Women can expect to earn around 40% less than men during their working years according to recent research from the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS). While this gap has decreased by around 25% in the past 25 years, it is difficult to close as typically, women fall behind in income terms when they take time out of the workforce to have children. The majority of gains according to the IFS are down to improvement in education among women in the past quarter decade.
As a result of these lower income expectations, savings and retirement outcomes are also negatively affected, causing the aforementioned savings gap. This is compounded by the fact that women tend to live longer too.
What can be done about it?
It is a difficult issue to resolve, especially as the only way to really avoid the shortfall is to not take time out from work. And with societal changes that reflect the discrepancy unlikely to be forthcoming any time soon, women need to take matters into their own hands.
In the situation where female workers are taking maternity leave or even breaks from careers, they should consider trying to contribute to a pension while off work or get a partner to contribute on their behalf. Anyone not working can still put in up to £2,880 each year. If someone is on paid maternity leave, ensuring they continue to pay in to a workplace pension is essential too.
Other potential measures to consider include increasing workplace pension contributions, deferring State Pension payments as long as possible and getting started with saving at as early an age as feasible.
Other than that, the best solution for women’s wealth is to have it working as hard as possible. This means making sure wealth is kept in a savings vehicle which will enable it to grow over time and ensuring any investment portfolios are structured for the best long-term outcomes.
Retirement planning: the key to being well-prepared for your golden years
Planning for your own retirement is a tricky topic. There are many variables to consider, and each individual has a specific set of circumstances and goals to achieve.
But there are a few key areas of planning for your golden years that can help you to have clear in your mind what needs to be done, and how you can aim to achieve your ambitions.
Here are four key areas to consider.
- Time horizon
Thinking about when you would like to retire is perhaps the most fundamental consideration when planning for retirement. Essentially, every decision you make depends on when you actually plan to stop working.
There are a lot of variables to it as well. Retirement is not the straightforward end day and handshake it once was. Evermore frequently people decide to go on what is called a ‘glide path’ to retirement, reducing hours or days in the office until eventually stopping completely.
You’ll need to consider your age now, and how old you’ll want to be when you retire. The younger you are and the further away your retirement date, the more time you’ll have to save and invest to grow that wealth.
If you’re happy working until an older age other considerations such as State Pension entitlement become relevant, as you’ll likely have access to it from age 67 (or later depending on your current age).
- Risk appetite
Once you have set your goals for retirement age – or glidepath to retirement – you’ll want to consider how you’ll get there. There’s a good chance you’re already building wealth through a variety of resources such as property, pensions and ISAs.
Depending on your time horizon you will need to accept certain levels of risk within your portfolio in order to reach those goals.
While being able to save set amounts is key, the compounding effect of growth and regular contributions will have the biggest impact on how your retirement funds grow. Ultimately it is ok to be more conservative with your tolerance for risk, but that may have an impact on the point at which your wealth reaches a size at which you feel comfortable enough to retire.
- Spending needs
You also need to estimate how much you’re likely to spend in retirement. Again this is very subjective, as each individual has a different idea of what their golden years will look like. For some it looks like world cruises, nice cars or even moving to somewhere sunnier. For others it is staying at home, helping with the grandkids and pottering in the garden.
Either choice – or anything in between – is totally fine. But both carry very different kinds of cost implications.
On top of that, age and longevity is something important to consider. Although not a hard and fast rule, retirement spending is often ‘U’ shaped, if plotted on a graph. At the beginning of retirement people tend to enjoy some of the good things, going on trips or spending some pension cash on home improvements.
Then as time goes on many settle into a rhythm that is generally lower cost (the bottom of the U). Finally, as people enter advanced ages costs such as help around the home (gardeners, cleaners etc) and even care costs, start to mount up.
All this is to say it is hard to establish what an ‘average’ income should look like for any individual. With these different costs in mind it is important then to think realistically about what you’ll need, and how long you’ll be able to sustain it for.
Our financial advisers can help you create a financial life plan ’, which can be a great way to properly visualise how this might work.
- Estate and tax planning
Finally, a really important consideration is how all of this is structured. As mentioned before we’re given access to a variety of wealth building tools such as pensions, ISAs or property.
In the first instance it is essential to plan how much of your money goes where to make it as tax efficient as possible. Then you’ll need to think about the tax implications of this wealth once you’re gone – and how to make that process as tax efficient and simple for your loved ones as possible.
With the inherent complexity of these issues though, it pays to have the help of a qualified financial adviser to plan for the best outcomes possible.
Treasury drops Capital Gains Tax and Inheritance Tax reform plans – here’s what you need to know
The government has ditched plans to reform and possibly hike Capital Gains Tax (CGT) and Inheritance Tax (IHT), in a move that would have likely hit wealthier households.
In its update on the function of the Office of Tax Simplification (OTS), published at the end of November, the Treasury appears to have quietly scrapped mooted changes to both CGT and IHT.
The OTS initially proposed changes to IHT that would have seen the tax radically simplified. Currently, the system for taxing inheritance relies on a series of exceptions, allowances and other rules that make it difficult for families to negotiate.
It has also been criticised for the increasing number of families liable to the duty every year since its creation. Of CGT, the OTS suggested aligning the allowances with income tax, making it less attractive a way for many to take earnings.
Current rates of 10% for basic rate and 20% for higher and additional rates would have been moved to align with 20%, 40% and 45% rates of income tax respectively. The first £12,300 of capital gains earnings each year is currently tax-free.
Instead, the government accepted some minor changes to CGT rules, including the amount of time divorcing couples are allowed to transfer assets between each other before becoming liable for CGT.
Married couples and civil partners are able to transfer assets between each other without incurring any CGT liability. But for divorced couples this perk expires at the end of the tax year in which they divorce. This time limit is set to be extended.
What now for CGT and IHT?
The decision by the Treasury suggests the reform of CGT and IHT is dead in the water – for now at least. But that is not to say that the taxes might not come in line for reform in the future.
In the Treasury’s response to the OTS, financial secretary to the Treasury Lucy Frazer wrote: “These reforms would involve a number of wider policy trade-offs and so careful thought must be given to the impact that they would have on taxpayers, as well as any additional administrative burden on HMRC.
“The government will continue to keep the tax system under constant review to ensure it is simple and efficient. Your report is a valuable contribution to that process.”
Indeed, according to an article in The Times newspaper, Rishi Sunak is planning to make sweeping changes to taxes ahead of the next General Election.
According to the report, part of his plans include increasing the threshold for IHT. This would have the impact of making many less families liable to the tax and would likely be a popular measure among Conservative voters.